Many Christians today believe that the Gospel is about helping people to escape an eternal suffering in Hell. But what they don't realize is that the scriptural evidence for an eternal hell is pretty hard to come by. In fact, there seems to be a lot more evidence for a hell that is limited and purposeful rather than punitive and eternal.
If your entire Christian walk centers on escape from hell, the suggestion that hell isn't eternal can be challenging, to say the least.
Moreover, if you're only a Christian because you don't want to burn in hell forever, you might not actually have any interest in following Jesus (which is actually what being a Christian is supposed to be about). You might only want to avoid endless pain, making your profession of faith little more than a totally selfish act.
But doesn’t Jesus talk more about Hell than anyone else
in the Bible? Well, yes and no.
Jesus does teach that those who reject Him as Lord will
suffer in Gehenna, which we translate as "Hell", but His contemporary
hearers would have understood this as a reference to the garbage dump outside
the city gates. At best, Jesus is using this constantly burning trash heap as a
metaphor for what will happen to those who die without His life in them.
At the resurrection, when Christ returns, both the
righteous and the unrighteous will be raised from the dead to face the Judgment
seat of Christ. (See Matthew 25) Those who love Christ and who have followed
Him will be raised to live forever with Him in the New Heaven and the New
Earth. But those who do not belong to Christ will be raised for...what?
That’s hard to say.
Yes, Jesus warns that unbelievers will be sent to a place
of torment – a place that should be avoided at all costs – but we do not know
for how long these people will suffer in this way. Jesus does say that the fire will be eternal,
but we are not told that the people, or the suffering, will be eternal.
Jesus tells us that in Gehenna there will be weeping
(Matt 8:12), wailing (Matt 13:42), gnashing of teeth (Matt 13:50), darkness
(Matt 25:30), flames (Luke 16:24), torments (Luke 16:23), and "everlasting
fire". (Matt 25:41)
As scary as this may be – and Jesus did emphasize that
this was a fate to avoid at all costs – it does not specifically teach us that
Hell involves eternal suffering.
We have to balance these statements with verses where
Jesus warns us to fear God who:
"...can destroy both soul and body in hell."
(Matthew 10:28)
For most of us the idea of an eternal hell is almost
universally accepted as being what the Bible teaches. We almost cannot imagine
any other view being taken seriously. However, that was not always the case. In
fact, for MOST of Church history, there were 3 different views of Hell, and the
eternal suffering viewpoint was in the minority.
Note this reference in the New Schaff-Herzog Christian Encyclopedia
which says:
"The earliest system of Universalistic theology was
by Clement of Alexandria who was the head of the theological school in that
city until 202 A.D. His successor in the school was the great Origen, the most
distinguished advocate of this doctrine in all time." (From the New
Schaff-Herzog, page 96, paragraph 2)
"In the first five or six centuries of Christianity
there were six known theological schools, of which four (Alexandria, Antioch,
Caesarea, and Edessa, or Nisibis) were Universalist; one (Ephesus) accepted
conditional immortality; one (Carthage or Rome) taught endless punishment of
the wicked." (From the New Schaff-Herzog, page 96, paragraph 3)
So, what are the other two views? One is “Universalism”
which teaches that those who die without Christ will suffer for a time in Hell
but eventually everyone will accept Christ as Lord.
The other view is the “Annihilationist” view which
teaches that those who die without Christ will suffer for a limited time in
Hell and then be destroyed forever and cease to exist.
So, throughout the centuries, Christians have disagreed with
which view of Hell is correct. Many Christians are also unaware that when
Augustine attempted to refute the Universalist view of hell – which was the
majority view in his day – he freely admitted that his doctrine of eternal
suffering was against the grain.
What are we to make of this? If it seems that the Old
Testament scriptures hardly mentions the topic, and if Jesus speaks mainly of
the "death" (perishing, destruction, etc.) of the unrepentant sinner,
and if the early Church had no grid for the concept of eternal suffering, and
if both the Old and the New Testament Scriptures affirm that only those in Christ
have eternal life, then the views of Annhilationism and Universalism (after a
period of suffering/punishment) seem to be much more in line with the whole of
Scripture.
At the very least, all of these facts certainly make the
commonly held doctrine of Eternal Suffering seem very weak in comparison.
In the final analysis, Christians should have mercy with
those who disagree with their view of Hell since all three views have
scriptural support and on this side of the grave none of us can decisively
claim one is more correct than the other.
-kg